Polimeri itunganye - polymers iringaniza imiterere yumubiri ningaruka zibidukikije - ntizibaho, ariko polybutylene terephthalate (PBAT) yegereye gutungana kuruta benshi.
Nyuma yimyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo bananiwe guhagarika ibicuruzwa byabo bikarangirira mu myanda n’inyanja, abakora polymer synthique bakora igitutu cyo gufata inshingano. Benshi barikuba imbaraga zabo kugirango bateze imbere gutunganya ibicuruzwa kugirango birinde kunengwa. Andi masosiyete aragerageza gukemura ikibazo cy’imyanda ashora imari mu binyabuzima byangiza ibinyabuzima nka acide polylactique (PLA) na polyhydroxy fatty acide ester (PHA), twizeye ko iyangirika ry’ibinyabuzima rizagabanya nibura imyanda imwe n'imwe.
Ariko byombi gutunganya no gukoresha biopolymers bihura nimbogamizi. Kurugero, nubwo hashize imyaka myinshi hashyizweho ingufu, Reta zunzubumwe zamerika ziracyongera gutunganya munsi ya 10 ku ijana bya plastiki. Kandi bio-ishingiye kuri polymers - akenshi ibicuruzwa bya fermentation - biragoye kugera kumikorere nubunini bwa polymrike ya synthique bagenewe gusimbuza.
PBAT ikomatanya bimwe mubintu byingirakamaro bya sintetike na bio-ishingiye kuri polymers. Bikomoka ku bicuruzwa bisanzwe bikomoka kuri peteroli - aside itunganijwe neza (PTA), butanediol na aside adipic, ariko irashobora kwangirika. Nka polymer yubukorikori, irashobora kubyara umusaruro mwinshi, kandi ifite imiterere yumubiri ikenewe kugirango ikore firime zoroshye ugereranije niza plastiki gakondo.
Inyungu muri PBAT ziriyongera. Abaproducer bamenyekanye nka BASF yo mu Budage na Novamont yo mu Butaliyani barabona ibyifuzo byiyongera nyuma yimyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo bitunga isoko. Bahujwe n’abashoramari bo muri Aziya barenga kimwe cya kabiri bategereje ko ubucuruzi bwa polymer butera imbere mugihe leta zakarere ziteza imbere kuramba.
Marc Verbruggen, wahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru w’uruganda rwa PLA NatureWorks, ubu akaba n'umujyanama wigenga, yizera ko PBAT ari “ibicuruzwa bihendutse kandi byoroshye gukora bioplastique gukora” kandi yizera ko PBAT igenda iba bioplastique yoroheje, iri imbere ya poly succinc butanediol ester ( PBS) hamwe nabanywanyi ba PHA. Kandi birashoboka ko uzashyirwa hamwe na PLA nkibintu bibiri byingenzi byangiza ibinyabuzima, avuga ko bigenda biba ibicuruzwa byiganjemo gukoreshwa.
Ramani Narayan, umwarimu w’ubuhanga mu bya shimi muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Michigan, yavuze ko aho PBAT igurisha cyane - ibinyabuzima byangiza ibidukikije - biva mu bubiko bwa ester, aho kuba skeleti ya karubone-karubone muri polimeri zangirika nka polyethylene. Inkunga ya Ester iroroshye hydrolyzed kandi yangijwe na enzymes.
Kurugero, aside polylactique na PHA ni polyester itesha agaciro iyo ester bond yacitse. Ariko polyester ikunze kugaragara - polyethylene terephthalate (PET), ikoreshwa muri fibre hamwe nuducupa twa soda - ntabwo isenyuka byoroshye. Ni ukubera ko impeta ya aromatic muri skeleton yayo iva muri PTA. Ku bwa Narayan, impeta zitanga imiterere y’imiterere nazo zituma PET hydrophobique. Ati: "Amazi ntabwo yoroshye kuyinjiramo kandi bidindiza inzira yose ya hydrolysis".
Basf ikora polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyester ikozwe muri butanediol. Abashakashatsi b'ikigo bashakishije polymer ishobora kubora byoroshye. Basimbuye PTA zimwe muri PBT na aside adipose diacid glycolike. Muri ubu buryo, ibice bya aromatic ya polymer biratandukanye kugirango bibe biodegradable. Mugihe kimwe, PTA ihagije isigaye kugirango itange polymer ibintu bifatika bifatika.
Narayan yizera ko PBAT ishobora kwangirika gato kurusha PLA, isaba ifumbire mvaruganda kubora. Ariko ntishobora guhangana na PHAs ziboneka mubucuruzi, zishobora kwangirika mubihe bisanzwe, ndetse no mubidukikije bya Marine.
Abahanga bakunze kugereranya imiterere yumubiri ya PBAT na polyethylene nkeya, polymer elastike ikoreshwa mugukora firime, nkimifuka yimyanda.
PBAT ikunze kuvangwa na PLA, polymer ikaze ifite ibintu bisa na polystirene. Ikirango cya Ecovio cya Basf gishingiye kuriyi mvange. Kurugero, Verbruggen avuga ko igikapu cyo guhaha ifumbire isanzwe irimo 85% PBAT na 15% PLA.
Novamont yongeyeho urundi rwego kuri resept. Isosiyete ivanga PBAT nizindi biodegradable aliphatic aromatic polyester hamwe na krahisi kugirango ikore ibisigazwa byihariye.
Umuyobozi mushya w'ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ubucuruzi, Stefano Facco, yagize ati: “Mu myaka 30 ishize, Novamont yibanze ku bikorwa aho ubushobozi bwo gutesha agaciro bushobora kongera agaciro ku bicuruzwa ubwabyo. “
Isoko rinini rya PBAT ni ibishishwa, bikwirakwizwa mu bihingwa kugirango birinde ibyatsi bibi kandi bifashe kugumana ubushuhe. Iyo firime ya polyethylene ikoreshejwe, igomba gukururwa kandi igashyingurwa mumyanda. Ariko firime ishobora kwangirika irashobora guhingwa igasubira mubutaka.
Irindi soko rinini ni ifumbire mvaruganda yimyanda yo gutanga ibiryo hamwe no gukusanya ibiryo hamwe n imyanda yo mu gikari.
Imifuka ituruka mu masosiyete nka BioBag, iherutse kugurwa na Novamont, imaze imyaka igurishwa ku bacuruzi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 26-11-21